H I Properties of Field Galaxies at $\boldsymbol{z\approx 0.2}$-0.6: Insights into Declining Cosmic Star Formation
Authors
David DePalma
Neeraj Gupta
Hsiao-Wen Chen
Robert A. Simcoe
Sergei Balashev
Erin Boettcher
Sebastiano Cantalupo
Mandy C. Chen
Françoise Combes
Claude-André Faucher-Giguère
Sean D. Johnson
Hans-Rainer Klöckner
Jens-Kristian Krogager
Jennifer I-Hsiu Li
Sebastián López
Pasquier Noterdaeme
Patrick Petitjean
Zhijie Qu
Gwen C. Rudie
Joop Schaye
Fakhri Zahedy
Abstract
We report statistically significant detection of H I 21-cm emission from intermediate-redshift ($z\approx0.2$-0.6) galaxies. By leveraging multi-sightline galaxy survey data from the Cosmic Ultraviolet Baryon Survey (CUBS) and deep radio observations from the MeerKAT Absorption Line Survey (MALS), we have established a sample of $\approx6000$ spectroscopically identified galaxies in 11 distinct fields to constrain the neutral gas content at intermediate redshifts. The galaxies sample a broad range in stellar mass -- $8\lesssim\log{M_\rm{star}/\rm{M}_\odot}\lesssim11$ with a median of $\langle\log{M_\rm{star}/\rm{M}_\odot}\rangle_\rm{med}\approx10$ -- and a wide range in redshift -- $0.24\lesssim z\lesssim0.63$ with a median of $\langle z\rangle_\rm{med}=0.44$. Our detected emission-line signal exceeds $4\,σ$ significance in the stacked spectra of all subsamples, and the observed total H I 21-cm line flux translates to a H I mass $M_\rm{H\;I}\approx10^{10}\rm{M}_\odot$. We find a high H I-to-stellar mass ratio of $M_\mathrm{H\;I}/M_\rm{star}\approx6$ for low-mass galaxies with $\langle\log{M_\rm{star}/\rm{M}_\odot}\rangle \approx9.3$ ($>3.7\,σ$). For galaxies with $\langle\log{M_\rm{star}/\rm{M}_\odot}\rangle\approx10.6$, we find $M_\mathrm{H\;I}/M_\rm{star}\approx0.3$ ($>4.7\,σ$). Additionally, the redshift evolution of H I mass in both low- and high-mass field galaxies, inferred from the stacked emission-line signal, aligns well with the expectation from the cosmic star formation history. This suggests that the overall decline in the cosmic star formation activity across the general galaxy population may be connected to a decreasing supply of neutral hydrogen. Finally, our analysis has revealed significant 21-cm signals at distances greater than 75 kpc from these intermediate-redshift galaxies, indicating a substantial reservoir of H I gas in their extended surroundings.
